武威市石羊河流域种植结构调整与节水思路

石羊河流域武威市属区水资源紧缺,严重制约了区域的社会经济发展.从水资源实际和供水情况看,现状农业种植结构存在总种植面积大、水资源严重超栽、夏秋作物种植比例不合理、种植结构单一等问题.种植结构调整要围绕水资源的合理配置和高效利用,以水定灌溉规模,以结构调整促发展的思路.节水与结构调整相结合,变革耕作制度,提高水资源的利用效率,运用水价杠杆,激励结构调整,依法治水,合理高效利用水资源.     

超/亚临界水条件下生物质和塑料的共液化

采用 500 mL 间歇式高压反应釜,在超临界和亚临界水条件下进行了一系列生物质和塑料单独及共液化实验,考察了反应温度、反应时间、水与木屑-聚乙烯的配比和反应压力对两者共液化的影响.实验结果表明,温度对共液化影响比较大.在 653 K,混合物的组成是对液化物产率影响最大的因素,生物质与塑料质量比为1 ∶ 4时油产率最高,可达到 60 %.生物质能降低塑料的降解温度,塑料为生物质供氢,两者在共液化过程中具有协同作用.生物质和塑料共液化能够提高反应转化率,提高油产率,减缓反应条件的苛刻度.     

施氮量和花后控水对小麦水分生产效率及产量的影响

在防雨池栽条件下,采用施纯氮10kg/667m2、15kg/667m2、20kg/667m2(分别用N1、N2、N3表示)和40%~50%、60%~70%、80%~90%(分别用W1、W2、W3表示)3种土壤含水量进行处理,研究了氮肥和花后土壤含水量对小麦水分生产效率和产量的影响。结果表明:在同一施氮量条件下,表现为花后土壤含水量过高(80%~90%)或过低(40%~50%)导致穗粒数减少,千粒重降低,最终使产量降低。水分生产效率,则随着土壤含水量的增加而降低。在同一土壤含水量下,表现为增加施氮量有利于提高穗粒数,但过多(20kg/667m2)或过少(10kg/667m2)施氮均不利于穗粒数和千粒重的提高,而导致减产。而对于水分生产效率,表现为增加施氮量提高水分生产效率,而施氮量过高(20kg/667m2)造成小麦贪青晚熟,导致水分生产效率下降。因此,小麦生产中可以通过施用氮肥和控制花后土壤水分含量技术,调控小麦水分生产效率和产量,实现高产高效。     

Effect of ABA,arginine and sucrose on protein content of date palm somatic embryos

Abscisic acid (ABA), arginine and sucrose were evaluated for their effects on the morphology, germination rates and protein content of date palm somatic embryos (SE). Different concentrations of these supplements in the culture medium were used. The comparative study of SE length and thickness between treated and untreated SE revealed no differences, except for ABA (20 μM), which increased thickness. A decrease of water content (WC) in favor of an increase in dry weight (DW) was observed in all treated SE, especially with sucrose (90 g l⁻¹) and ABA (20 μM). Only ABA (20 and 4 μM) caused a proliferation rate of the cultures higher than those in the control. Although all the tested compounds increased protein content, ABA (20 μM) was more effective in protein enrichment than arginine and sucrose treatments. The SDS-PAGE protein profiles showed a significant difference between treated and untreated SE. A protein band of 22 kDa, identified as glutelin in a previous work, was accumulated after treatment with 20 μM ABA or 3 mM arginine. These findings may contribute to further understanding of the mechanisms involved in the accumulation of specific storage proteins in several plants.     

农机技术推广要围绕农业产业化发展做好工作

农机技术推广是农机化工作的重心。当前围绕农业产业化发展做好农机技术推广工作,是推进农业现代化和新农村建设的需要。根据池州市贵池区农业产业化发展实况,在水稻生产机械化取得一定成果和经验的基础上,应将油菜、茶叶、棉花等优势经济作物产业化发展与农机化技术发展同步推进。同时对农机技术推广还须建立强有力的配套措施予以支持:充分发挥基层农机推广机构的作用,以农机大户及产业基地为依托,强化农机与农艺结合,农机购置补贴等惠农政策要向重点对象倾斜。     

Irrigation scheduling strategies for cotton to cope with water scarcity in the Fergana Valley, Central Asia

The Central Asian countries face high water scarcity due to aridity and desertification but excess water is often applied to the main irrigated crops. This over-irrigation contributes to aggravate water scarcity problems. Improved water saving irrigation is therefore required, mainly through appropriate irrigation scheduling. To provide for it, after being previously calibrated and validated for cotton in the Fergana region, the irrigation scheduling simulation model ISAREG was explored to simulate improved irrigation scheduling alternatives. Results show that using the present irrigation scheduling a large part of the applied water, averaging 20%, percolates out of the root zone. Several irrigation strategies were analyzed, including full irrigation and various levels of deficit irrigation. The analysis focused a three-year period when experiments for calibration and validation of the model were carried out, and a longer period of 33 years that provided for an analysis considering the probabilities of the demand for irrigation water. The first concerned a wet period while the second includes a variety of climatic demand conditions that provided for analyzing alternative schedules for average, high and very high climatic demand. Results have shown the importance of the groundwater contribution, mainly when deficit irrigation is applied. Analyzing several deficit irrigation strategies through the respective potential water saving, relative yield losses, water productivity and economic water productivity, it could be concluded that relative mild deficits may be adopted. Contrarily, the adoption of high water deficit that produce high water savings would lead to yield losses that may be economically not acceptable.     

高层建筑分层供暖系统

如何解决高层建筑供暖系统分区问题是建筑供暖函待解决的问题,本文针对此问题介绍了四种适合不同系统情况下的具体方式,并且阐述了四种方式的工作原理及所适合的系统.     

短时间微流水处理对异育银鲫肌肉品质的影响

采用微流水系统处理池塘养殖异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio),测定不同处理时间(0～9 d)鲫肌肉的主要营养成分、滋味特征、气味特征和挥发性成分等参数,研究微流水处理对鲫肌肉品质的提升作用。结果显示,微流水处理对养殖鲫肌肉中水分、粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量的影响不大(P0.05),但对鱼肉中灰分、肌糖原和总糖含量及滋味、气味及感官评分有显著影响(P0.05)。随着微流水处理时间延长,鲫鱼肉中肌糖原、总糖含量显著下降,灰分明显增加(P0.05)。电子舌和电子鼻检测结果显示,微流水处理可显著改变鲫肌肉的滋味特征、气味特征。随着微流水处理时间延长,鲫肌肉中异味挥发物含量明显减少、鱼肉自身代表性风味物质含量明显增加,且蒸熟后鱼肉的气味、滋味、质地和总分等评分明显升高,微流水处理7 d的鲫肌肉的感官评分优于0、1、3、5 d样品的,而与微流水处理9 d的样品无差异。综上可见,短时间微流水处理(≤7 d)不影响鲫鱼肉中粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量,但可显著改善养殖鲫肌肉品质,其适宜处理时间为7 d。     

用h方程计算饱和非饱和土壤水入渗问题的一种加速收敛方法

阐述了计算土壤水入渗情况下θ方程和ｈ方程的适用条件及其优缺点，讨论了用ｈ方程计算饱和非饱和土壤水入渗时的收敛问题。在计算过程中，当ｈ＜－ｈｐ时，可令ｈ＝０，即认为土壤已经饱和。这种处理方法，既满足计算精度，又加快了收敛速度。论文还通过一个实例说明ｈｐ如何确定。